Hello Everyone Welcome To Umair Hack. I Am Rhutik Giradkar From Techmadhunter.com Today This Is My First Post On Umair hack Today I will Tell You About Css((cascading style sheet))
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Chapter#1:
- Introduction to CSS
A CSS (cascading style sheet) file allows you to separate
your web sites (X)HTML content from it's style. As always you use your (X)HTML
file to arrange the content, but all of the presentation (fonts, colors,
background, borders, text formatting, link effects & so on...) are
accomplished within a CSS.
At this point you have some choices of how to use the CSS,
either internally or externally.
Internal Stylesheet First we will explore the internal
method. This way you are simply placing the CSS code within the
<head></head> tags of each (X)HTML file you want to style with the
CSS. The format for this is shown in the example below.
With this method each (X)HTML file contains the CSS code
needed to style the page. Meaning that any changes you want to make to one
page, will have to be made to all. This method can be good if you need to style
only one page, or if you want different pages to have varying styles.
External Stylesheet Next we will explore the external
method. An external CSS file can be created with any text or HTML editor such
as "Notepad" or "Dreamweaver". A CSS file contains no
(X)HTML, only CSS. You simply save it with the .css file extension. You can
link to the file externally by placing one of the following links in the head
section of every (X)HTML file you want to style with the CSS file.
Or you can also use the @import method as shown below
<head><title><title><style
type="text/css"> CSS Content Goes Here
</style></head><body>
<link rel="stylesheet"
type="text/css" href="Path To stylesheet.css" />
Either of these methods are achieved by placing one or the
other in the head section as shown in example below.
By using an external style sheet, all of your (X)HTML files
link to one CSS file in order to style the pages. This means, that if you need
to alter the design of all your pages, you only need to edit one .css file to
make global changes to your entire website.
Here are a few reasons this is better.
Easier Maintenance Reduced File Size Reduced Bandwidth
Improved Flexibility
Are you getting the idea? It's really cool.
Cascading Order In the previous paragraphs, I have explained
how to link to a css file either internally or externally. If you understood,
than I am doing a good job. If not don't fret, there is a long way to go before
we are finished. Assuming you have caught on already, you are probably asking,
well can I do both? The answer is yes. You can have both internal, external,
and now wait a minute a third way? Yes inline styles also.
Inline Styles I have not mentioned them until now because in
a way they defeat the purpose of using CSS in the first place. Inline styles
are defined right in the (X)HTML file along side the element you want to style.
See example below.
<style type="text/css">@import url(Path To
stylesheet.css)</style>
<head><title><title><link
rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"href="style.css"
/></head><body>
or
<head><title><title><style
type="text/css"> @import url(Path To stylesheet.css)
</style></head><body>
<p style="color: #ff0000;">Some red
text</p>
Some red text
Inline styles will NOT allow the user to change styles of
elements or text formatted this way
So, which is better? So with all these various ways of
inserting CSS into your (X)HTML files, you may now be asking well which is
better, and if I use more than one method, in what order do these different
ways load into my browser?
All the various methods will cascade into a new
"pseudo" stylesheet in the following order:
1. Inline Style (inside (X)HTML element) 2. Internal Style
Sheet (inside the <head> tag) 3. External Style Sheet
As far as which way is better, it depends on what you want
to do. If you have only one file to style then placing it within the
<head></head> tags (internal) will work fine. Though if you are
planning on styling multiple files then the external file method is the way to
go.
Choosing between the <link related=>& the @import
methods are completely up to you. I will mention that the @import method may
take a second longer to read the CSS file in Internet Explorer than the
<link related=> option. To combat this see Flash of unstyled content
Users with Disabilities The use of external style sheets
also can benefit users that suffer from disabilities. For instance, a user can
turn off your stylesheet or substitute one of there own to increase text size,
change colors and so on. For more information on making your website accessible
to all users please read Dive into accessibility
Power Users Swapping stylesheets is beneficial not only for
users with disabilities, but also power users who are particular about how they
read Web documents.
Browser Issues You will discover as you delve farther into the
world of CSS that all browsers are not created equally, to say the least. CSS
can and will render differently in various browsers causing numerous headaches.
Chapter# 2:
- CSS Syntax
The syntax for CSS is different than that of (X)HTML markup.
Though it is not too confusing, once you take a look at it. It consists of only
3 parts.
The selector is the (X)HTML element that you want to style.
The property is the actual property title, and the value is the style you apply
to that property.
Each selector can have multiple properties, and each
property within that selector can have independent values. The property and
value are seperated with a colon and contained within curly brackets. Multiple
properties are seperated by a semi colon. Multiple values within a property are
sperated by commas, and if an individual value contains more than one word you
surround it with quotation marks. As shown below.
As you can see in the above code I have seperated the color
from the font-family with a semi-colon, seperated the various fonts with commas
and contained the "Trebuchet MS" within quotations marks. The final
result sets the body color to light grey, and sets the font to ones that most
users will have installed on there computer.
I have changed the way I layout my code, but you can arrange
it in one line if you choose. I find that it is more readable if I spread each
property to a seperate line, with a 2 space indention.
Inheritance When you nest one element inside another, the
nested element will inherit the properties assigned to the containing element.
Unless you modify the inner elements values independently.
For example, a font declared in the body will be inherited
by all text in the file no matter the containing element, unless you declare
another font for a specific nested element.
Now all text within the (X)HTML file will be set to Verdana.
If you wanted to style certain text with another font, like
an h1 or a paragraph then you could do the following.
selector { property: value }
body { background:
#eeeeee; font-family: "Trebuchet
MS", Verdana, Arial, serif; }
body {font-family: Verdana, serif;}
h1 {font-family: Georgia, sans-serif;} p {font-family:
Tahoma, serif;}
Now all <h1> tags within the file will be set to
Georgia and all <p> tags are set to Tahoma, leaving text within other
elements unchanged from the body declaration of Verdana.
There are instances where nested elements do not inherit the
containing elements properties.
For example, if the body margin is set to 20 pixels, the
other elements within the file will not inherit the body margin by default.
Combining Selectors You can combine elements within one
selector in the following fashion.
As you can see in the above code, I have grouped all the
header elements into one selector. Each one is seperated by a comma. The final
result of the above code sets all headers to green and to the specified font.
If the user does not have the first font I declared it will go to another
sans-serif font the user has installed on there computer.
Comment tags Comments can be used to explain why you added
certain selectors within your css file. So as to help others who may see your
file, or to help you remember what you we're thinking at a later date. You can
add comments that will be ignored by browsers in the following manner.
You will note that it begins with a / (forward slash) and
than an * (asterisks) then the comment, then the closing tag which is just
backward from the opening tag * (asterisks) then the / (forward slash).
Chapter# 3:
-CSS Classes
The class selector allows you to style items within the same
(X)HTML element differently. Similiar to what I mentioned in the introduction
about inline styles. Except with classes the style can be overwritten by
changing out stylesheets. You can use the same class selector again and again
within an (X)HTML file.
To put it more simply, this sentence you are reading is
defined in my CSS file with the following.
body {margin: 20px;}
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
color: #009900; font-family:
Georgia, sans-serif; }
/* This is a comment */
p { font-size:
small;
Pretty simple, but lets say that I wanted to change the word
"sentence" to green bold text, while leaving the rest of the sentence
untouched. I would do the following to my (X)HTML file.
Then in my CSS file I would add this style selector:
The final result would look like the following:
To put it more simply, this sentence you are reading is
styled in my CSS file by the following.
Please note that a class selector begins with a (.) period.
The reason I named it "greenboldtext" is for example purposes, you
can name it whatever you want. Though I do encourage you to use selector names
that are descriptive. You can reuse the "greenboldtext" class as many
times as you want.
Chapter #4:
-CSS IDs
IDs are similar to classes, except once a specific id has
been declared it cannot be used again within the same (X)HTML file.
I generally use IDs to style the layout elements of a page
that will only be needed once, whereas I use classes to style text and such
that may be declared multiple times.
The main container for this page is defined by the
following.
I have chosen the id selector for the "container"
division over a class, because I only need to use it one time within this file.
Then in my CSS file I have the following:
font-size: small;
color: #333333 }
<p>To put it more simply, this <span
class="greenboldtext">sentence</span> you are reading is
styled in my CSS file by the following. </p>
.greenboldtext{
font-size: small; color:
#008080; font-weight: bold; }
<div id="container">Everything within my
document is inside this division. </div>
#container{ width:
80%; margin: auto; padding: 20px;
You will notice that the id selector begins with a (#)
number sign instead of a (.) period, as the class selector does.
Chapter #5:-
CSS Divisions
Ok so you have finished the first 4 chapters in my series.
You have learned the very basics of CSS, how the syntax works and a bit about
classes and IDs. Now we are gonna take a quick break from CSS and focus on the
(X)HTML side of using it.
Divsions Divisions are a block level (X)HTML element used to
define sections of an (X)HTML file. A division can contain all the parts that
make up your website. Including additional divisions, spans, images, text and
so on.
You define a division within an (X)HTML file by placing the
following between the <body></body> tags:
Though most likely you will want to add some style to it.
You can do that in the following fashion:
The CSS file contains this:
Now everything within that division will be styled by the
"container" style rule, I defined within my CSS file. A division
creates a linebreak by default. You can use both classes and IDs with a
division tag to style sections of your website.
Chapter 6:
CSS Spans
Spans are very similar to divisions except they are an
inline element versus a block level element. No linebreak is created when a
span is declared.
padding: 20px;
border: 1px solid #666;
background: #ffffff; }
<div> Site contents go here </div>
<div id="container"> Site contents go here
</div>
#container{ width:
70%; margin: auto; padding: 20px; border: 1px solid #666; background: #ffffff; }
declared.
You can use the span tag to style certain areas of text, as
shown in the following:
Then in my CSS file:
The final result is: This text is italic.
The purpose of the last 2 chapters was to provide you with a
basis for using CSS in an (X)HTML file. For a more detailed explaination of
XHTML please visit W3Schools
Chapter 7:
CSS Margins
Inherited: No As you may have guessed, the margin property
declares the margin between an (X)HTML element and the elements around it. The
margin property can be set for the top, left, right and bottom of an element.
(see example below)
As you can also see in the above example you have 3 choices
of values for the margin property
length percentage auto
You can also declare all the margins of an element in a
single property as follows:
If you declare all 4 values as I have above, the order is as
follows:
1. top 2. right 3. bottom 4. left
<span class="italic">This text is
italic</span>
.italic{ font-style:
italic; }
margin-top: length percentage or auto; margin-left: length percentage or auto; margin-right: length percentage or auto; margin-bottom: length percentage or auto;
margin: 10px 10px10px10px;
If only one value is declared, it sets the margin on all
sides. (see below)
If you only declare two or three values, the undeclared
values are taken from the opposing side. (see below)
You can set the margin property to negative values. If you
do not declare the margin value of an element, the margin is 0 (zero).
Elements like paragraphs have default margins in some
browsers, to combat this set the margin to 0 (zero).
Note: You do not have to add px (pixels) or whatever units
you use, if the value is 0 (zero).
You can see in the example below, the elements for this site
are set to be 20px (pixels) from the body
Chapter 8:
CSS Padding
Inherited: No Padding is the distance between the border of
an (X)HTML element and the content within it.
Most of the rules for margins also apply to padding, except
there is no "auto" value, and negative values cannot be declared for
padding.
As you can also see in the above example you have 2 choices
of values for the padding property
length
margin: 10px;
margin: 10px 10px; /* 2 values */ margin: 10px 10px10px; /* 3 values */
margin: -10px;
p {margin: 0;}
body{ margin:
20px; background: #eeeeee; font-size: small; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, "Trebuchet
MS", Helvetica, sans- serif;
text-align: left; }
padding-top: length percentage; padding-left: length percentage; padding-right: length percentage; padding-bottom: length percentage;
percentage
You can also declare all the padding of an element in a
single property as follows:
If you declare all 4 values as I have above, the order is as
follows:
1. top 2. right 3. bottom 4. left
If only one value is declared, it sets the padding on all
sides. (see below)
If you only declare two or three values, the undeclared
values are taken from the opposing side. (see below)
If you do not declare the padding value of an element, the
padding is 0 (zero).
Note: You do not have to add px (pixels) or whatever units
you use, if the value is 0 (zero).
You can see in the example below, the main container for
this site has 30px (pixels) of padding between the border and the text.
Chapter 9:
CSS Text Properties
Inherited: Yes
Color You can set the color of text with the following:
Possible values are
padding: 10px 10px10px10px;
padding: 10px;
padding: 10px 10px; /* 2 values */ padding: 10px 10px10px; /* 3 values */
#container{ width:
70%; margin: auto; padding: 30px; border: 1px solid #666; background: #ffffff; }
color: value;
color name - example:(red, black...) hexadecimal number -
example:(#ff0000, #000000) RGB color code - example:(rgb(255, 0, 0), rgb(0, 0,
0))
Letter Spacing You can adjust the space between letters in
the following manner. Setting the value to 0, prevents the text from
justifying. You can use negative values.
Possible values are
normal length
Example:
T h e s e l e t t e r s a r e s p a c e d a t 5 p x .
Text Align You can align text with the following:
Possible values are
left right center justify
Examples:
This text is aligned left.
This text is aligned in the center.
This text is aligned right.
This text is justified.
Text Decoration You can decorate text with the following:
letter-spacing: value;
text-align: value;
Possible values are
none underline overline line through blink
Examples:
This text is underlined.
This text is overlined.
This text has a line through it.
This text is blinking (not in internet explorer).
Text Indent You can indent the first line of text in an
(X)HTML element with the following:
Possible values are
length percentage
Examples:
This text is indented 10px pixels.
Text Transform You can control the size of letters in an
(X)HTML element with the following:
Possible values are
none capitalize lowercase uppercase
text-decoration: value;
text-indent: value;
text-transform: value;
uppercase
Examples:
This First Letter In Each Word Is Capitalized, Though It Is
Not In My File.
THIS TEXT IS ALL UPPERCASE, THOUGH IT IS ALL LOWERCASE IN MY
FILE.
this text is all lowercase. though it is all uppercase in my
file.
White Space You can control the whitespace in an (X)HTML
element with the following:
Possible values are
normal pre nowrap
Word Spacing You can adjust the space between words in the
following manner. You can use negative values.
Possible values are
normal length
Example:
These words are spaced at 5px.
Chapter#
10:- CSS Font Properties
Inherited: Yes
Font The font property can set the style, weight, variant,
size, line height and
white-space: value;
word-spacing: value;
font:
The above would set the text of an element to an italic
style a bold weight a normal variant a relative size a line height of 1.4em and
the font to Verdana or another sans-serif typeface.
Font-Family You can set what font will be displayed in an
element with the font- family property.
There are 2 choices for values:
family-name generic family
If you set a family name it is best to also add the generic
family at the end. As this is a priortized list. So if the user does not have
the specified font name it will use the same generic family. (see below)
Font Size You can set the size of the text used in an
element by using the font- size property.
There are alot of choices for values:
xx-large x-large larger large medium small smaller x-small
xx-small length % (percent)
There is quite a bit to learn about font sizes with CSS so,
I am not even going to try to explain it. Actually there are already some great
resources on how to size your text. (see below)
font: italic bold normal small/1.4em Verdana, sans-serif;
font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;
font-size: value;
What size text should I use in my css by Paul O'B Dive into
accessibility - Font Sizes
Font Style You can set the style of text in a element with
the font-style property
Possible values are
normalitailc oblique
Font Variant You can set the variant of text within an
element with the font-variant property
Possible values are
normal small-caps
Font Weight You can control the weight of text in an element
with the font-weight property:
Possible values are
lighter normal 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 bold
font-style: value;
font-variant: value;
font-weight: value;
bolder
Chapter#
11:- CSS Anchors, Links and Pseudo Classes
Below are the various ways you can use CSS to style links.
Now lets take a look at what each one of the above link
styles actually does.
The first on the list sets the color of a link when no event
is occuring
The second sets the color a link changes to, when the user
has already visited that url
The third sets the color a link changes to as the user
places their mouse pointer over the link
The fourth is primarilly for the same purpose as the last
one, but this one is for users that are not using a mouse and are tabbing
through the links via there keyboards tab key, it sets the color a link changes
to as the user tabs through the links
The fifth on the list sets the color a link changes to as it
is pressed.
Lets look at an example: Google
If your last visit to Google is not stored in your cache
than the above link to google is blue, if you have already been to google then
the link should be grey. if you mouseover or tab through the links, the link will
change to dark grey, and last but not least if you click and hold the link
without releasing it you will see it return back to the original blue color.
You must declare the
a:link and a:visited before you declare a:hover. Furthermore, you must declare
a:hover before you can declare a:active.
Using the above code will style all links on your web page,
unless you declare a seperate set of link styles for a certain area of your
webpage.
a:link {color: #009900;} a:visited {color: #999999;} a:hover
{color: #333333;} a:focus {color: #333333;} a:active {color: #009900;}
a:link {color: #009900;}
a:visited {color: #999999;}
a:hover {color: #333333;}
a:focus {color: #333333;}
a:active {color: #009900;}
Pseudo Classes You can set links contained in different
parts of your web page to be different colors by using the pseudo class. For
example, lets say you want your links in the content area to have a different
color then the links in the left or right column of your webpage.
You can do this in the following fashion:
Now assuming that you have your main content in a division
named "content" all links within that division will now be styled by
this new style selector. Should your selector have a different name, just
change the #content selector to match your division name.
Then for the links in a column you could use the following:
Once again, this assumes the name of the column division,
just change the name to match yours.
This same method can be accomplished by declaring a class
instead of an id.
Though in this case you will need to add a class to each
link
But, there is still yet an easier way
Then in the (X)HTML file
#content a:link {color: #009900;} #content a:visited {color:
#999999;} #content a:hover {color: #333333;} #content a:focus {color: #333333;}
#content a:active {color: #009900;}
#column a:link {color: #009900;} #column a:visited {color:
#999999;} #column a:hover {color: #333333;} #column a:focus {color: #333333;}
#column a:active {color: #009900;}
a.column:link {color: #009900;} a.column:visited {color:
#999999;} a.column:hover {color: #333333;} a.column:focus {color: #333333;}
a.column:active {color: #009900;}
<a class="column" href=""
title="">some link text</a>
.column a:link {color: #009900;} .column a:visited {color:
#999999;} .column a:hover {color: #333333;} .column a:focus {color: #333333;}
.column a:active {color: #009900;}
<div class="column"><a href=""
title="">some link text</a>
There are other properties that can be added to links other
than color, I was just trying to keep it simple. Almost any property that can
be used to style text and fonts can be used to style links also
Chapter #12:
-CSS Backgrounds
Inherited: No
Background You can style the background of an element in one
declaration with the background property.
Values:
attachment color image position repeat
Or you can set each property individually
Background Attachment If you are using an image as a
background. You can set whether the background scrolls with the page or is fixed when the user scrolls down the page with
the background-attachment property
Values:
fixed scroll
Background Color You can specifically declare a color for
the background of an element using the background-color property.
Values:
<a href="" title="">some link
text</a></div>
background: #ffffffurl(path_to_image) top left no-repeat
fixed;
background-attachment: value;
background-color: value;
color name hexadecimal number RGB color code transparent
Background Image You can set an image for the background of
an element using the background-image property.
Values:
url none
Background Position You can position an image used for the
background of an element using the background-position property.
Values:
top left top center top right center left center
centercenter right bottom left bottom center bottom right x-% y-% x-pos y-pos
Background Repeat You can set if an image set as a
background of an element is to repeat (across=x and/or
down=y) the screen using the background-repeat property.
Values:
no-repeat
background-image: url(path_to_image);
background-position: value;
background-repeat: value;
repeat repeat-x repeat-y
Chapter#
13: -CSS Borders
Inherited: No
Border You can set the color, style and width of the borders
around an element in one declaration by using the border property.
Values:
color style width
Or you can set each property individually
Border Color You can set the color of a border independently
with the border-color property.
Values:
color name hexadecimal number RGB color code transparent
Border Style You can set the style of a border independently
with the border-style property.
Values:
dashed dotted double
border: 1px solid #333333;
border-color: value;
border-style: value;
groove hidden inset none outset ridge solid
Border Width You can set the width of a border independently
with the border-width property.
Values:
Length Thin Medium Thick
Or you can set the elements for each borders side
individually
Border Bottom You can set the color, style and width of the
bottom border around an element in one declaration with the border-bottom
property.
Values:
color style width
Or you can set each value individually
Border Bottom Color
You can set the color of the bottom border around an element
with the border-bottom-color property.
Border Bottom Style
You can set the style of the bottom border around an element
with the border-bottom-style property.
border-width: value;
border-bottom: 1px solid #333333;
border-bottom-color: value;
Border Bottom Width
You can set the width of the bottom border around an element
with the border-bottom-width property.
Border Left You can set the color, style and width of the
left border around an element with the border-left property.
Values:
color style width
Or you can set each value individually
Border Left Color
You can set the color of the left border around an element
with the border-left-color property.
Border Left Style
You can set the style of the left border around an element
with the border-left-style property.
Border Left Width
You can set the width of the left border around an element
with the border-left-width property.
Border Right You can set the color, style and width of the
right border around an element in one declaration with the border-right property.
border-bottom-style: value;
border-bottom-width: value;
border-left: 1px solid #333333;
border-left-color: value;
border-left-style: value;
border-left-width: value;
Values:
color style width
Or you can set each value individually
Border Right Color
You can set the color of the right border around an element
with the border-right-color property.
Border Right Style
You can set the style of the right border around an element
with the border-right-style property.
Border Right Width
You can set the width of the right border around an element
with the border-right-width property.
Border Top You can set the color, style and width of the top
border around an element in one declaration with the border-top property.
Values:
color style width
Or you can set each value individually
Border Top Color
You can set the color of the top border around an element
with the border-top-color property.
border-right: 1px solid #333333;
border-right-color: value;
border-right-style: value;
border-right-width: value;
border-top: 1px solid #333333;
border-top-color: value;
Border Top Style
You can set the style of the top border around an element
with the border-top-style property.
Border Top Width
You can set the width of the top border around an element
with the border-top-width property.
Chapter #14
:- CSS Ordered & Unordered Lists
Inherited: Yes
List Style You can control the appearance of ordered and
unordered lists in one declaration with the list-style property
Values:
image position type
Or you can control them individually
List Style Image You can use an image for the bullet of
unordered lists with the list-style property
If you use an image, it is a good idea to declare the
list-style-type also in case the user has images turned off.
List Style Position You can control the position of ordered
and unordered lists with the list- style-position property
border-top-style: value;
border-top-width: value;
list-style: value value;
list-style-image: url(path_to_image.gif, jpg or png);
list-style-position: value;
Values
inside outside
List Style Type You can control the type of bullet ordered
and unordered lists use with the list-style-type property
Values
disc circle square decimal lower-roman upper-roman
lower-alpha upper-alpha none
Chapter #15:
- CSS Width and Height Properties
Inherited: No
Height You can control the height of an element with the
height property
Values:
auto length percentage
Line Height You can control the height between lines with
the line-height property
Values:
list-style-type: value;
height: value;
line-height: value;
normal number length percentage
Max Height You can control the maximum height of an element
with the max-height property
Values:
none length percentage
Min Height You can control the minimum height of an element
with the min-height property
Values:
length percentage
Width You can control the width of an element with the width
property
Values:
auto length percentage
Max Width You can control the maximum width of an element
with the max-width property
max-height: value;
min-height: value;
width: value;
max-width: value;
Values:
none length percentage
Min Width You can control the minimum width of an element
with the min-width property
Values:
length percentage
Chapter #16:
- CSS Classification
Inherited: No
Clear You can control if an element allows floated elements
to its sides with the clear property
Values:
none both left right
Now, what does all that mean?
None
This is the default setting, floated elements can appear on
either side of the element set to clear: none;
Both
Setting the value to both, causes no floated elements to
appear on either side of the element set to clear: both;
Left
min-width: value;
clear: value;
Setting the value to left, causes no floated elements to
appear to the left side of the element set to clear: left;
Right
Setting the value to right, causes no floated elements to
appear to the right side of the element set to clear: right;
Clip You can control how much of an element is visible with
the clip property
Values:
auto shape
Currently the only shape recognized by the clip property is
rect (rectangle)
Cursor You can control the style of cursor to be used in an
element with the cursor property
Values:
auto crosshair default help move pointer text url wait
e-resize ne-resize nw-resize n-resize se-resize sw-resize s-resize
clip: value;
clip: rect(10px, 10px, 10px, 10px);
cursor: value;
w-resize
If you choose to use a custom cursor, it is always a good
idea to declare a generic one after the custom value.
Display You can control how an element is displayed with the
display property
Values:
block inline list-item none
Now, what does all that mean?
Block
Creates a line break before and after the element
Inline
No line break is created
List Item
Creates a line break before and after the element and adds a
list item marker
None
Makes an element not display on the page
Float The float property changes how text and or images
within an element are displayed
Values:
left right none
cursor: url("image.cur"), default;
display: value;
float: value;
Now, what does all that mean?
Left
The image/text is displayed to the left of the parent
element
Right
The image/text is displayed to the right of the parent
element
None
There is no change in the way the image/text is displayed
Overflow You can control what an elements contents will do
if it overflows it boundaries with the overflow property
Values:
auto hidden visible scroll
Here is what I have in my CSS file.
Then in the (X)HTML file I have this:
Overflow Example
As you can see, with this property you can mimic an iframe.
This box is set to an overflow value of "auto". Meaning that if the
contents of the element break the boundaries it should add a scrollbar.
overflow: value;
#overflow_box {width:200px; height:200px; border-top: 1px
solid #eee; border-left: 1px solid #eee; border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;
padding: 10px; overflow: auto;}
<div id="overflow_box">Contents</div>
Visibility You can control if an element is visible or not
with the visibility property
Values:
hidden visible
Z-Index You can control the layer order of positioned
elements with the z-index property
Values:
auto number
The higher the number the higher the level. Negative numbers
are allowed
Chapter# 17:
- CSS Positioning
Inherited: No
Position The position property (as you may have guessed)
changes how elements are positioned on your webpage.
Values:
static relative absolute fixed
Now, what does all that mean?
Static
Static positioning is by default the way an element will
appear in the normal flow of your (X)HTML file. It is not necessary to declare
a position of static. Doing so, is no different than not declaring it at all.
visibility: value;
z-index: value;
position: value;
Relative
Positioning an element relatively places the element in the
normal flow of your (X)HTML file and then offsets it by some amount using the
properties left, right, top and bottom. This may cause the element to overlap
other elements that are on the page, which of course may be the effect that is
required.
Absolute
Positioning an element absolutely, removes the element from
the normal flow of your (X)HTML file, and positions it to the top left of it's
nearest parent element that has a position declared other than static. If no
parent element with a position other than static exists then it will be
positioned from the top left of the browser window.
Fixed
Positioning an element with the fixed value, is the same as
absolute except the parent element is always the browser window. It makes no
difference if the fixed element is nested inside other positioned elements.
Furthermore, an element that is positioned with a fixed
value, will not scroll with the document. It will remain in it's position
regardless of the scroll position of the page.
At this time IE6 (Internet Explorer 6) does not support the
fixed value for the positioning of an element. Thus it will not position fixed
elements correctly and will still scroll with the page. To see this effect in
action you will need to use a standards compliant browser, such as Firefox 1.0
When positioning elements with relative, absolute or fixed
values the following properties are used to offset the element:
top left right bottom
Chapter #18
:- CSS Pseudo Elements
position: static;
position: relative;
position: absolute;
position: fixed;
position: absolute; top: 10px; right: 10px;
The Syntax The syntax for pseudo elements is a bit different
than that of regular CSS, but it's real close. If you have already read chapter
11 then you are slightly ahead of the game.
As you can see the only difference is that you place the
pseudo element after the selector, and divide the 2 with a (:) colon.
Or you can assign a class to a pseudo element as follows
Using the above code would style all paragraphs within the
declared selector with the pseudo element.
The elements:
first-line first-letter
First Line The first-line pseudo element styles the first
line of text in a block level element.
As you can see in the above example paragraphs are set to be
a small font size, but the p:first-line is set to be a medium size and a red
color. The result is that the first line of all paragraphs will be red in color
and a bit larger than the rest of the paragraph.
Though lets say you only want to style a certain paragraph
of text with the first-line element. Thats where declaring a class to the
pseudo element comes into play.
first-line with class
I have declared a class of special within my css file.
First-Line Example
This is a special sentence I wrote to demonstrate the use
and look of the first-line pseudo element. As you can see the first line of
this paragraph is styled differently than the rest of the text within it. All
of this was done by simply adding class="special" to the opening
<p> tag
selector:pseudo-element {property: value}
selector.p:pseudo-element {property: value}
p{font-size: small;} p:first-line {font-size: medium; color:
#ff0000;}
p.special:first-line {font-size: medium; color: #ff0000;}
this was done by simply adding class="special" to
the opening <p> tag for this paragraph.
Where the first-line ends depends on the width of the
browser window or containing element, you can resize this page and see that it
adjusts as you change the size of the browser window.
The following properties can be assigned to the first-line
pseudo element:
background clear color font letter-spacing line-height
text-decoration text-transform vertical-align word-spacing
First Letter The first-letter pseudo element styles the
first letter of text in a block level element.
As you can see in the above example paragraphs are set to be
a small font size, but the p:first-letter is set to be a medium size and a red
color. The result is that the first letter of all paragraphs will be red in
color and a bit larger than the rest of the paragraph.
Though lets say you only want to style a certain paragraph
of text with the first-letter element. Thats where declaring a class to the
pseudo element comes into play.
first-letter with class
I have declared a class of special_letter within my css
file.
First-Letter Example This is a special sentence I wrote to
demonstrate the use and look of the first-letter pseudo element. As you can see
the first letter of this paragraph is styled differently than the rest of the
characters within it.
<p class="special">the content</p>
p{font-size: small;} p:first-letter {font-size: medium;
color: #ff0000;}
p.special_letter:first-letter {font-size: x-large;
font-weight: bold; color: #ff0000;}
paragraph is styled differently than the rest of the
characters within it. All of this was done by simply adding class="special_letter"
to the opening <p> tag for this paragraph.
The following properties can be assigned to the first-letter
pseudo element:
background border clear color float font line-height margin
padding text-decoration text-transform word-spacing
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